盤點(diǎn)國內(nèi)泵行業(yè)的八大難題/Inventory of the eight major problems in the domestic pump industry
2021-11-01
本文根據(jù)我國水泵行業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的一些問題進(jìn)行了分析，希望借此內(nèi)容能夠?yàn)楦骷宜闷髽I(yè)的現(xiàn)有發(fā)展瓶頸問題進(jìn)行有效的總結(jié)分析，促進(jìn)行業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
重大工程泵類產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化率逐步提高，當(dāng)前已經(jīng)基本滿足了國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)發(fā)展的需要。但就行業(yè)當(dāng)前整體現(xiàn)狀而言，我國與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，依然存在差距。特別是企業(yè)自主開發(fā)能力薄弱，國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展所急需的技術(shù)含量高、附加值高的產(chǎn)品核心技術(shù)尚未掌握，還有很多問題亟待解決。
1、研發(fā)資金投入?yún)T乏
國內(nèi)企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品技術(shù)積累、新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)方面與國外一些著名公司相比有著明顯的差距。科技經(jīng)費(fèi)、研發(fā)資金投入不足已成為制約水泵制造業(yè)自主研發(fā)的一個主要因素。據(jù)行業(yè)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，研發(fā)資金投入占企業(yè)銷售收入的比例不足2%，與國外知名公司進(jìn)行比較，全行業(yè)的研發(fā)資金投入顯得微乎其微，嚴(yán)重地制約了新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品、新材料、新工藝的研發(fā)。
2、自主創(chuàng)新能力薄弱
對引進(jìn)技術(shù)的消化吸收緩慢，大部分企業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，缺少自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制造技術(shù)及產(chǎn)品技術(shù)。雖然水泵行業(yè)大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了自主生產(chǎn)制造，但一些重大技術(shù)裝備由于缺乏自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，核心技術(shù)仍掌握在外方手中。國內(nèi)水泵制造企業(yè)所承擔(dān)的大多是產(chǎn)品的低端加工環(huán)節(jié)，自主化的廣度和深度依然有待提高。例如說，當(dāng)前已經(jīng)開始國內(nèi)制造的核電站成套設(shè)備中的核級泵產(chǎn)品以及百萬千瓦超臨界、超超臨界火電站成套設(shè)備中的高壓鍋爐給水泵芯包產(chǎn)品；大型石化成套技術(shù)裝備中所需的高壓小流量泵、耐腐蝕化工流程泵、煤液化用耐蝕耐磨離心泵、容積泵等的關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)，大多仍需依靠引進(jìn)，這便是國內(nèi)泵行業(yè)企業(yè)需要重點(diǎn)攻關(guān)的方向。
3、基礎(chǔ)配套元器件薄弱
基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)發(fā)展滯后，基礎(chǔ)配套元器件更是薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。長期以來，由于缺乏對基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)研究應(yīng)有的重視，我國整備制造業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)機(jī)械、基礎(chǔ)元器件發(fā)展滯后，成為制約重大技術(shù)裝備發(fā)展的首要因素。機(jī)械密封、儀器儀表以及zui小流量裝置等基礎(chǔ)配套機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，中低檔產(chǎn)品居多，新能質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，這也是許多用戶選擇購買國外泵產(chǎn)品的重要原因。
4、核心技術(shù)仰仗進(jìn)口
重要技術(shù)裝備依然需要仰仗于進(jìn)口，國內(nèi)泵行業(yè)過于重視引進(jìn)，輕視引進(jìn)技術(shù)消化、吸收及再創(chuàng)新，盲目重復(fù)引進(jìn)的現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。通過引進(jìn)國外先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)、制造技術(shù)縮短與世界先進(jìn)水平的差距，至今仍是水泵制造業(yè)技術(shù)開發(fā)升級的重要渠道。上世紀(jì)九十年代，國內(nèi)水泵制造業(yè)雖然能夠提供經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)所需的一些重大裝備和產(chǎn)品，但核心技術(shù)依然主要依靠于國外引進(jìn)，行業(yè)自身的自主開發(fā)和消化、吸收再創(chuàng)新能力還非常薄弱。
5、成套能力過于薄弱
國內(nèi)水泵企業(yè)的總體設(shè)計(jì)，成套能力過于薄弱。行業(yè)整體缺乏具有系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、成套能力和系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的總承包企業(yè)。
這一點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩方面：
一方面是我國水泵制造業(yè)在重大成套項(xiàng)目上，總體設(shè)計(jì)，系統(tǒng)集成能力薄弱，難以為用戶提供全面解決方案和“交鑰匙工程”；
另一方面，我國水泵制造業(yè)的發(fā)展是一個較為復(fù)雜化的系統(tǒng)工程，需要研究單位、設(shè)計(jì)單位、制造單位、制造企業(yè)和應(yīng)用部門密切配合來協(xié)作化大生產(chǎn)。
然而縱觀國內(nèi)水泵行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀卻完全不是這樣，具有總承包能力的企業(yè)尚未形成，科研院所、設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)、制造企業(yè)各自獨(dú)立。部分成套設(shè)備制造體系，在激烈的國際、國內(nèi)的市場競爭中逐步被跨國公司碾碎、擠垮，變?yōu)榭鐕镜牧悴考?yīng)商。
6、應(yīng)用部門“迷戀”進(jìn)口水泵
應(yīng)用部門缺乏購買國產(chǎn)水泵的積極性，勢必桎梏了水泵制造企業(yè)大力發(fā)展擁有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和專利產(chǎn)品的積極性。經(jīng)過半個多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展，尤其是國家“十一五”、“十二五”計(jì)劃期間，隨著我國百萬噸乙烯、千萬噸煉油、百萬千瓦核電等一批重點(diǎn)工程項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，拉動了我國泵類產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展，國產(chǎn)化設(shè)備日益增多。我國水泵制造企業(yè)的技術(shù)水平同國外相比了很大的價格優(yōu)勢，國產(chǎn)水泵產(chǎn)品理應(yīng)獲得更大的市場份額。但是，由于一些使用部門盲目追求國外先進(jìn)的技術(shù)裝備，根本不考慮性價比，導(dǎo)致國家泵產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)采購招標(biāo)中被國外產(chǎn)品擊敗的例子數(shù)不勝數(shù)。特別是自主創(chuàng)新，自己研發(fā)的首臺重大技術(shù)裝備的泵產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)達(dá)到或超過國外同類產(chǎn)品，但使用部門仍以每月運(yùn)行業(yè)績等各種借口拒絕使用，促使國產(chǎn)的泵類產(chǎn)品很難在一些重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目和重點(diǎn)工程中被采用。
7、“兩化”水平低
國家“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃中提出全面提高信息化水平，推動信息化和工業(yè)化的深度融合?！笆濉逼陂g泵制造企業(yè)對ERP系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了升級，新上了Director6生產(chǎn)管理系統(tǒng)、LPM系統(tǒng)等，但縱觀行業(yè)信息技術(shù)在水泵制造業(yè)應(yīng)用率還是比較低。信息技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為提升工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率和附加值不可缺少的必要手段，其中包括產(chǎn)品升級換代、重點(diǎn)設(shè)備的遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、無線監(jiān)控，企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理等各個環(huán)節(jié)越來越離不開信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。然而但就國內(nèi)水泵行業(yè)來看，全面應(yīng)用信息技術(shù)并沒有在其國內(nèi)水泵制造業(yè)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用，完全影響了水泵行業(yè)的未來可持續(xù)發(fā)展性，水泵企業(yè)的發(fā)展后勁不足，制約了行業(yè)的整體發(fā)展水平，使得國內(nèi)水泵企業(yè)難以與國外先進(jìn)企業(yè)相匹敵。
8、行業(yè)規(guī)范亟待更新
行業(yè)共性技術(shù)研究缺失、設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、材料、制造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范亟待更新。由于改制，部分面向行業(yè)服務(wù)的研究院所成為各自為戰(zhàn)的企業(yè)，機(jī)構(gòu)性質(zhì)與工作重心發(fā)生了非常大的變化，其行業(yè)技術(shù)支撐作用日益弱化，新技術(shù)、新工藝開發(fā)速度比較緩慢，設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、材料以及制造等眾多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都很難同國外對接，從而造成制約水泵行業(yè)發(fā)展的重要瓶頸。
綜上所述，國內(nèi)水泵行業(yè)的發(fā)展道路上盡管還面臨著許多問題有待解決，但只要各家企業(yè)針對這些問題進(jìn)行思考與創(chuàng)新，我國的水泵行業(yè)還是能夠獲得非常良好的發(fā)展空間。希望借助本文內(nèi)容，能夠?yàn)楦骷宜闷髽I(yè)敲響警鐘，使其行業(yè)獲得真正的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
This article analyzes some problems existing in the development of China's water pump industry, hoping to use this content to effectively summarize and analyze the existing development bottlenecks of various water pump companies, and promote the sustainable development of the industry.
The localization rate of major engineering pump products has gradually increased, and currently it has basically met the needs of the country's economic construction and development. However, in terms of the current overall status of the industry, there is still a gap between China and the industrialized countries. In particular, the independent development capabilities of enterprises are weak, and the core technologies of products with high technical content and high added value that are urgently needed for the development of the national economy have not yet been mastered, and there are still many problems that need to be solved urgently.
1. Lack of investment in R&D funds
Compared with some famous foreign companies, domestic enterprises have a clear gap in product technology accumulation and new product development. Insufficient investment in science and technology funds and R&D funds have become a major factor restricting independent R&D in the water pump manufacturing industry. According to incomplete industry statistics, R&D capital investment accounts for less than 2% of the company’s sales revenue. Compared with well-known foreign companies, the industry’s R&D capital investment appears to be minimal, which severely restricts new technologies, new products, new materials, and new processes. R&D.
2. Weak independent innovation capabilities
The digestion and absorption of imported technology is slow, and most companies have weak technological innovation capabilities and lack manufacturing technology and product technology with independent intellectual property rights. Although most products in the water pump industry have basically achieved independent production and manufacturing, some major technical equipment lacks independent intellectual property rights, and the core technology is still in the hands of foreign parties. Most of the domestic water pump manufacturers are responsible for the low-end processing of products, and the breadth and depth of autonomy still need to be improved. For example, the nuclear-grade pump products in the complete sets of equipment for nuclear power plants and the high-pressure boiler feedwater pump core package products in the complete sets of equipment for mega-kilowatt supercritical and ultra-supercritical thermal power plants that have been manufactured in China; required for large-scale petrochemical complete sets of technical equipment Most of the key core technologies such as high-pressure and low-flow pumps, corrosion-resistant chemical process pumps, corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant centrifugal pumps for coal liquefaction, and positive displacement pumps still need to be imported. This is the direction that domestic pump industry enterprises need to focus on.
3. Weak basic supporting components
The development of basic technology is lagging behind, and basic supporting components are even weaker. For a long time, due to the lack of due attention to basic technology research, the development of basic machinery and basic components in China's preparation manufacturing industry has been lagging behind, which has become the primary factor restricting the development of major technological equipment. Basic supporting mechanical products such as mechanical seals, instruments and meters, and minimum flow devices are mostly mid-to-low-end products, and the quality of the new energy is not stable enough. This is also an important reason why many users choose to buy foreign pump products.
4. The core technology relies on imports
Important technical equipment still needs to rely on imports. The domestic pump industry attaches too much importance to the introduction, ignores the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies, and blindly repeats the introduction. By introducing foreign advanced design and manufacturing technology to shorten the gap with the world's advanced level, it is still an important channel for technological development and upgrading of the pump manufacturing industry. In the 1990s, although the domestic water pump manufacturing industry was able to provide some major equipment and products needed for economic construction, the core technology still mainly relied on foreign imports, and the industry's own independent development, assimilation, absorption and re-innovation capabilities were still very weak.
5. The complete set of capabilities is too weak
The overall design of domestic water pump companies is too weak for complete sets of capabilities. The industry as a whole lacks general contracting enterprises with system design, complete set capabilities and system service functions.
This is mainly reflected in the following two aspects:
On the one hand, China's water pump manufacturing industry has weak overall design and system integration capabilities for major complete projects, making it difficult to provide users with comprehensive solutions and "turnkey projects";
On the other hand, the development of China's water pump manufacturing industry is a relatively complex system engineering, requiring close cooperation between research units, design units, manufacturing units, manufacturing companies and application departments to coordinate mass production.
However, looking at the current situation of the domestic water pump industry is completely different. Enterprises with general contracting capabilities have not yet formed, and scientific research institutes, design institutions, and manufacturing companies are independent. Part of the complete equipment manufacturing system was gradually crushed and squeezed by multinational companies in the fierce international and domestic market competition, and became part suppliers of multinational companies.
6. The application department is "fascinated" by imported water pumps
The application department lacks the enthusiasm to purchase domestic water pumps, which is bound to shackle the enthusiasm of water pump manufacturers to vigorously develop products with independent intellectual property rights and patents. After more than half a century of development, especially during the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, with the construction of a number of key projects in China, such as one million tons of ethylene, ten million tons of oil refining, and one million kilowatts of nuclear power, etc. , Which has stimulated the development of China's pump products, and the number of domestically produced equipment is increasing. The technical level of China's water pump manufacturing enterprises has a great price advantage compared with foreign countries, and domestic water pump products should gain a larger market share. However, due to the blind pursuit of foreign advanced technology and equipment by some user departments, and no consideration of cost performance, there are countless examples of national pump products being defeated by foreign products in domestic procurement bidding. Especially for independent innovation, the first major technical equipment pump product developed by itself has reached or surpassed similar foreign products, but the user department still refuses to use it under various excuses such as monthly operating performance, which makes it difficult for domestic pump products to be used in some Used in key projects and key projects.
7. Low level of "Industrialization and Industrialization"
The national "Twelfth Five-Year" development plan proposes to comprehensively improve the level of informatization and promote the in-depth integration of informatization and industrialization. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, pump manufacturers have upgraded their ERP systems, adding Director6 production management systems, LPM systems, etc. However, the application rate of industry information technology in the pump manufacturing industry is still relatively low. Information technology has become an indispensable means to improve industrial production efficiency and added value, including product upgrades, remote monitoring of key equipment, wireless monitoring, and business management and other links are increasingly inseparable from the application of information technology. However, as far as the domestic water pump industry is concerned, the comprehensive application of information technology has not been widely used in its domestic water pump manufacturing industry, which completely affects the future sustainable development of the water pump industry. The development potential of water pump companies is insufficient, which restricts the overall industry The level of development makes it difficult for domestic pump companies to compete with advanced foreign companies.
8. Industry norms need to be updated urgently
Industry common technology research lacks, design, process, materials, manufacturing standards and specifications need to be updated urgently. Due to the restructuring, some industry-oriented research institutes have become companies fighting on their own. The nature of the organization and the focus of work have undergone very big changes. Many standards such as technology, materials and manufacturing are difficult to connect with foreign countries, which has caused an important bottleneck restricting the development of the water pump industry.
To sum up, although there are still many problems to be solved on the development road of the domestic water pump industry, as long as companies think and innovate in response to these problems, China's water pump industry can still obtain a very good development space. It is hoped that with the help of the content of this article, we can sound the alarm for various water pump companies and enable their industry to achieve real sustainable development.
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